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Logology ("the science of science") is the study of all aspects of science and of its practitioners—aspects philosophical, biological, psychological, societal, historical, institutional, financial. The term "logology" is used here as a synonym〔〔 for the equivalent term "science of science"〔("Science of Science Cyberinfrastructure Portal... at Indiana University" ). Also Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", 1935, reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', Boston, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, ISBN 83-01-03607-9, pp. 82–95.〕 and the semi-equivalent term "sociology of science". The term "logology" is back-formed from "''-logy''" (as in "geo''logy''", "anthropo''logy''", "socio''logy''", etc.) in the sense of the "study of study" or the "science of science"—or, more plainly, the "study of science".〔, ISBN 978-83-86062-09-6, English-language summary: pp. 741–43〕〔 note 3〕 The word "logology" provides grammatical variants not available with the earlier terms "science of science" and "sociology of science"—"logologist", "to logologize", "logological", "logologically".〔This meaning of "logology" is distinct from "the study of words", as the term was introduced by Kenneth Burke in ''The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology'' (1961), which sought to find a universal theory and methodology of language. In introducing the book, Burke writes: "If we defined 'theology' as 'words about God', then by 'logology' we should mean 'words about words'". Burke's "logology", in this theological sense, has been cited as a useful tool of sociology. 〕 ==Origins== The early 20th century brought calls, initially from sociologists, for the creation of a new, empirically based science that would study the scientific enterprise itself.〔Bohdan Walentynowicz, "Editor's Note", ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, ISBN 83-01-03607-9, p. XI.〕 The early proposals were put forward with some hesitancy and deferentiality.〔Klemens Szaniawski, "Preface", ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', p. VIII.〕〔Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski concluded that, while the singling out of a certain group of questions into a separate, "autonomous" discipline might be insignificant from a theoretical standpoint, it is not so from a practical one: "A new grouping of () lends additional importance to the original () and gives rise to new ones and () new ideas. The new grouping marks out the direction of new investigations; moreover, it may exercise an influence on university studies (on ) the found() of chairs, periodicals and societies." Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', pp. 88–91.〕 The new meta-science would be given a variety of names,〔Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', ''passim''.〕 including "science of knowledge", "science of science", "sociology of science", and "logology". The Polish sociologist Florian Znaniecki, considered the founder of Polish academic sociology and who also served as the 44th president of the American Sociological Association, opened a 1923 article:〔Florian Znaniecki, ''"Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy"'' ("The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge"), ''Nauka Polska'' (Polish Science), vol. IV (1923), no. 1.〕 A dozen years later, two Polish sociologists of a slightly younger generation, Stanisław Ossowski and Maria Ossowska (the ''Ossowscy'', husband and wife) took up the same subject in a more compact and better known 1935 article on "The Science of Science".〔Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", originally published in Polish as ''"Nauka o nauce"'' ("The Science of Science") in ''Nauka Polska'' (Polish Science), vol. XX (1935), no. 3.〕 They wrote: The ''Ossowscy'' — the 1935 English-language version of whose article first introduced the term ''"science of science"'' to the world〔Bohdan Walentynowicz, Editor's Note, in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', p. XI.〕 — postulated that the new discipline would subsume such earlier disciplines as epistemology, the philosophy of science, the "psychology of science", and the "sociology of science".〔Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', pp. 84–85.〕 It would also concern itself with The ''Ossowscy'' acknowledged the existence of an approximate German-language equivalent to the expression "science of science": ''"Wissenschaftslehre"''. But they explained that, leaving aside Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), who had called his whole philosophical speculation by that name, the term had been used in Germany chiefly to denote logic with general methodology, or logic with general methodology and questions usually included in epistemology. ''"Wissenschaftslehre"'' had also been used in almost the same sense by Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848) — as logic, understood in a very wide sense, later made familiar at the turn of the 20th century.〔Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', pp. 86–87.〕 The ''Ossowscy'' also referenced the 20th-century German philosopher Werner Schingnitz (1899–1953) who, in fragmentary 1931 remarks, had enumerated some possible types of research in the science of science and had proposed a name for it: ''"scientiology"''. The two Polish sociologists commented: "Those who wish to replace the expression 'science of science' by a one-word term () sound() international, in the belief that only after receiving such a name () a given group of (be ) officially dubbed an autonomous discipline, () be reminded of the name ''mathesiology'', proposed long ago for similar purposes (the French mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) )."〔Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', pp. 87–88, 95.〕 Yet, before long, in Poland, the unwieldy three-word term ''"nauka o nauce"'' ("science of science") was replaced by the more versatile one-word term ''"naukoznawstwo"'' ("logology") and its natural variants: ''"naukoznawca"'' ("logologist"), ''"naukoznawczy"'' ("logological"), and ''"naukoznawczo"'' ("logologically"). And just after World War II, only 11 years after the ''Ossowscys landmark 1935 paper, the year 1946 saw the founding of the Polish Academy of Sciences' quarterly ''Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa'' (Logology) — long before similar journals in many other countries.〔Bohdan Walentynowicz, "Editor's Note", ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', p. XII.〕 The new discipline also took root elsewhere — in English-speaking countries, without the benefit of a one-word name. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Logology (science of science)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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